The Structures, Goals and Pedagogies of “variation Problems” in the Topic of Addition and Subtraction of 0-9 in Chinese Textbooks and Reference Books

Different cultures with their own advantages and disadvantages are, rather than oppositional, complementary. In this paper, we attempted to articulate a Chinese “indigenous” pedagogical practice. This “indigenous” practice, “variation problems”, in the topic of addition and subtraction of 0-9 in Chinese textbook examples and their goals and pedagogies in their textbook reference books are presented. To grasp its distinctiveness, a comparison between Chinese and American textbooks is carried out. It might enable us to see which parts of the different educational systems can learn from each other.